SS-31 Peptide

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The Mitochondrial-Targeting Peptide: An Introduction to SS-31 (Elamipretide) 🔬

For researchers focused on the frontiers of mitochondrial medicine, oxidative stress, and neurodegenerative disease, SS-31 (Elamipretide) stands as one of the most significant and extensively studied peptide compounds in modern biomedical research. This synthetic tetra-peptide, with the sequence D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2 (where Dmt is 2,6-dimethyl-L-tyrosine), is a rationally designed mitochondria-targeted antioxidant that selectively interacts with the inner mitochondrial membrane .

SS-31's significance in research stems from its unique mechanism of action: it selectively binds to cardiolipin, a phospholipid crucial for mitochondrial function that is uniquely concentrated in the inner mitochondrial membrane . By stabilizing cardiolipin and maintaining mitochondrial membrane integrity, SS-31 improves mitochondrial bioenergetics, enhances ATP generation, and reduces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) . This targeted approach distinguishes it from non-specific antioxidants and has positioned SS-31 as a cornerstone tool for investigating mitochondrial dysfunction across a broad spectrum of conditions.

Over the past decade, SS-31 has been the subject of numerous peer-reviewed studies demonstrating its protective effects in models of cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's), ischemia-reperfusion injury, acute kidney injury, epilepsy, spinal cord injury, and muscle dystrophies .

What is SS-31 Peptide?

SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a synthetic tetra-peptide with the sequence D-Arg-2',6'-dimethyltyrosine-Lys-Phe-NH2 (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2) . Its molecular formula is C₃₂H₄₉N₉O₅ with a molecular weight of approximately 639.74 Da . It is identified by CAS number 736992-21-5 .

Its primary mechanisms of action, established through numerous peer-reviewed studies, include:

1. Cardiolipin Binding and Stabilization: SS-31 selectively targets cardiolipin on the inner mitochondrial membrane via both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions . By binding to cardiolipin, it stabilizes the phospholipid, preserves mitochondrial cristae structure, and optimizes the activity of the electron transport chain .
2. Reduction of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): SS-31 acts as a potent antioxidant, dose-dependently scavenging hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and peroxynitrite . It reduces the generation of lipid peroxidation products and attenuates mitochondrial ROS production .
3. Increased ATP Synthesis: By preserving mitochondrial integrity and function, SS-31 enhances cellular ATP generation. Studies have shown that SS-31 treatment can increase ATP synthesis by over 40% in rotenone-induced neuronal cells .
4. Anti-Inflammatory Effects: SS-31 inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome activation, suppresses LPS-stimulated IL-1β production in macrophages, and reduces the expression of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β . It has been shown to downregulate the p38 MAPK signaling pathway, which is involved in ferroptosis .
5. Anti-Apoptotic Activity: SS-31 protects cells from apoptosis by maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential, preventing the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), and inhibiting the release of pro-apoptotic factors .

🔬 Primary Research Focuses and Applications

The SS-31 Peptide is at the forefront of multiple cutting-edge research areas, validated by numerous peer-reviewed studies including very recent 2024-2025 publications:

• Spinal Cord Injury and Neuroprotection (2025 Study): A landmark April 2025 study published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences investigated SS-31's effects in a mouse model of spinal cord injury (SCI). The research demonstrated that SS-31 reduced mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal death in vitro, attenuated cardiolipin loss at 24 hours post-SCI, and improved behavioral recovery after SCI in adult mice .

• Epilepsy and Ferroptosis Research (2024 Study): A 2024 study published in Brain Research examined SS-31's effects in a rat model of epilepsy induced by pilocarpine. The research found that SS-31 treatment blocked the initiation and progression of ferroptosis in the hippocampus of epileptic rats by inhibiting the p38 MAPK signaling pathway, reducing iron accumulation and oxidative stress, and improving mitochondrial ultrastructure .

• Parkinson's Disease and α-Synuclein Research (2024 Study): A 2024 study published on bioRxiv (preprint) investigated SS-31's effects on α-synuclein aggregation and mitochondrial function. The research demonstrated that SS-31 displaces α-synuclein from lipid membranes, inhibits membrane-induced α-synuclein aggregation, restores impaired mitochondrial function in α-synuclein oligomer-treated neuroblastoma cells, and hinders cellular uptake of α-synuclein oligomers .

• Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Research: Studies have shown that SS-31 protects against cisplatin-induced AKI by suppressing mitochondrial ROS, downregulating the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, and reducing apoptosis in renal tubular cells .

• Neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's Disease Research: SS-31 has been extensively studied for its anti-neuroinflammatory properties. It inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses in microglial cells, reducing the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 . Novel derivatives of SS-31 have demonstrated even greater anti-inflammatory activity, with some reducing TNF-α levels by 45% at 10 μM .

• Oxidative Stress and Drug Delivery Research (2025 Study): A 2025 study in the Journal of Vascular Research developed SS31-conjugated liposomes (SS31-LP) to enhance mitochondrial targeting and antioxidant delivery. SS31-LP demonstrated pronounced mitochondrial localization, enhanced cellular viability, and mitigated oxidative damage in endothelial and skeletal muscle cells exposed to oxidative stress .

🧪 Product Specifications & Technical Data

At Buy Peptides Online USA, we ensure your research is built on a foundation of quality and consistency. This peptide is manufactured to rigorous laboratory standards and verified through advanced analytical methods.

✅ Why Choose Buy Peptides Online USA for Your Research?

Sourcing reliable research compounds is critical for reproducible, high-impact science. Here is why discerning researchers across the USA trust us:

• Verified Purity & Potency: We provide access to Certificates of Analysis (COA) and rely on advanced analytical methods like High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Mass Spectrometry (MS) to confirm the identity and purity (≥99%) of every batch. This commitment ensures the integrity of your experimental data.
• Research-Focused Integrity: We strictly adhere to research-use-only (RUO) guidelines. Our product descriptions are factual, focusing on chemical properties and cited research applications, never unverified human-use claims. This product is not for diagnostic or therapeutic use.
• Fast & Discreet USA Shipping: As a USA-based supplier, we offer fast, reliable shipping across the United States with discreet packaging to ensure your order arrives safely, professionally, and on time for your critical research timelines. Enjoy free shipping on orders over $300.
• Expert Support & Authenticity Guarantee: Our team provides technical consultation to support your work. We stand behind the authenticity and quality of all our products, offering a product replacement service and clear complaint handling.

📝 Handling, Storage, & Important Safety Information

• Critical Storage Information: Upon receipt, store the lyophilized powder at -20°C (-4°F) or below, desiccated, protected from light and moisture . It is stable for up to 3 years under these conditions.
• Handling for Research Use: This product is for laboratory use only by qualified professionals. Before opening, allow the vial to warm to room temperature and briefly centrifuge to concentrate material at the bottom. Reconstitute in sterile, ultra-pure water to achieve desired concentration (≥10 mg/ml) . Gently invert to mix; do not vortex.
• Stability Considerations: Once reconstituted, for long-term storage, aliquot and freeze at -20°C or below. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles at all costs, as this can degrade the peptide and reduce its bioactivity .
• TFA Salt Information: Peptides often contain trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) salt from the HPLC purification process. TFA contributes to total mass (peptide content typically >80% of total weight) and generally enhances solubility in aqueous solutions . For most standard in vitro assays, residual TFA levels do not cause interference.
• Safety Considerations: SS-31 is a potent, bioactive peptide for research use only. Its safety profile in long-term studies continues to be evaluated. Always wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including lab coats, safety glasses, and nitrile gloves. Work in a laminar flow hood or well-ventilated area.
• Warning: This product is not for human or veterinary use. It is not a drug, food, or cosmetic. Not for human consumption or diagnostic use . For laboratory research only.

❓ Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: What is the primary mechanism of action for SS-31?

A: SS-31 selectively targets the inner mitochondrial membrane by binding to cardiolipin, a phospholipid crucial for mitochondrial function . By stabilizing cardiolipin, it improves mitochondrial bioenergetics, increases ATP synthesis, reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inhibits inflammatory and apoptotic pathways .

Q: What is the structure of SS-31?

A: SS-31 is a synthetic tetra-peptide with the sequence D-Arg-2',6'-dimethyltyrosine-Lys-Phe-NH2 (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2) . Its molecular weight is approximately 639.74 Da, and its CAS number is 736992-21-5 .

Q: What are the most recent research findings on SS-31 (2024-2025)?

A: Recent groundbreaking studies have demonstrated:

1. Spinal Cord Injury (April 2025): SS-31 improves behavioral recovery after SCI by attenuating cardiolipin loss and reducing neuronal death .
2. Epilepsy (2024): SS-31 blocks ferroptosis in the hippocampus of epileptic rats by inhibiting the p38 MAPK pathway .
3. Parkinson's Disease (2024): SS-31 inhibits α-synuclein aggregation, restores mitochondrial function, and hinders cellular uptake of toxic oligomers .
4. Drug Delivery (2025): SS31-conjugated liposomes (SS31-LP) enhance mitochondrial targeting and protect against oxidative stress in endothelial and muscle cells .

Q: What research applications is SS-31 commonly used for?

A: SS-31 is extensively studied in neurodegenerative disease (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's) , spinal cord injury , epilepsy , acute kidney injury , cardiovascular disease, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and muscle dystrophies .

Q: How does SS-31 differ from other antioxidants?

A: Unlike non-specific antioxidants, SS-31 is a mitochondria-targeted peptide that specifically binds to cardiolipin. This targeted mechanism allows it to stabilize mitochondrial membranes, optimize electron transport chain function, and reduce ROS at their primary source within mitochondria .

Q: How do you verify the purity and identity of SS-31?

A: We ensure every batch is rigorously analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Mass Spectrometry (MS) . HPLC confirms a purity level of ≥99% , while Mass Spectrometry verifies the precise molecular weight (~639.74 Da) , ensuring the correct peptide structure and identity. Certificates of Analysis (COA) are available upon request.

Q: What are the critical storage conditions for SS-31?

A: Store the lyophilized powder at -20°C (-4°F) or below, desiccated and protected from light and moisture . Once reconstituted, aliquot and freeze for long-term storage. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles .

Q: Is SS-31 prohibited in sports research?

A: Researchers should be aware that SS-31, as a peptide hormone and metabolic modulator, would be considered a prohibited substance under the general category of peptide hormones and growth factors on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List. It is intended for legitimate scientific research only.

Ready to Advance Your Research? 🚀

Equip your laboratory with a groundbreaking mitochondria-targeted peptide for studying mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Order the high-purity SS-31 (Elamipretide) Peptide today from Buy Peptides Online USA. Benefit from our fast USA shipping, secure payments (including crypto), and the confidence that comes from rigorously tested, research-grade compounds validated by the latest 2024-2025 discoveries . For any questions about this product or your order, our support team is here to provide technical consultation.