VIP Peptide (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)

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The Pleiotropic Neuropeptide: An Introduction to VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) 🔬

For researchers focused on the frontiers of neuroscience, immunology, and regenerative medicine, VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) stands as one of the most extensively studied and functionally diverse neuropeptides in modern biomedical research . This synthetic 28-amino acid peptide is chemically identical to the endogenous VIP, a member of the secretin-glucagon family of peptides that is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as in various peripheral organs .

VIP's significance in research stems from its pleiotropic nature—it functions both as a neurotransmitter and as a hormone, participating in a remarkable array of biological activities including vasodilation, bronchodilation, smooth muscle relaxation, and stimulation of exocrine and endocrine secretions . A 2024 study published in the European Journal of Neuroscience highlighted VIP as a "pleiotropic peptide that combines neuroprotective and immunomodulatory actions," making it a critical tool for investigating neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory conditions .

A very recent April 2025 study in ACS Nano has now demonstrated VIP's powerful potential in tissue engineering, utilizing VIP-loaded nanoparticles to promote tendon repair through immune modulation and enhancement of stem cell function . Additionally, a 2022 PubMed review emphasized VIP's emerging role as a potential antiviral therapeutic target, with documented involvement in infections including SARS-CoV-2, HIV, and respiratory syncytial virus .

What is VIP Peptide?

VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) is a synthetic 28-amino acid peptide with the sequence H-His-Ser-Asp-Ala-Val-Phe-Thr-Asp-Asn-Tyr-Thr-Arg-Leu-Arg-Lys-Gln-Met-Ala-Val-Lys-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asn-Ser-Ile-Leu-Asn-NH₂ . Its molecular formula is C₁₄₇H₂₃₈N₄₄O₄₂S with a molecular weight of approximately 3325.84 Da . It is identified by CAS number 40077-57-4 . Synonyms include Aviptadil and VIP, human, porcine, rat, ovine .

Its primary mechanisms of action, established through decades of research, include:

1. Neuroprotection and Modulation of Microglial Activity: VIP exerts potent neuroprotective effects by modulating microglial activation. A 2024 study demonstrated that VIP attenuates LPS-induced expression of microglial activation markers (Iba1, iNOS) and pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6), while promoting a phenotypic shift towards mid-sized, spindle-shaped microglia . VIP-treated microglial conditioned media significantly improved survival rates of neuronal cells in toxin-induced neurodegeneration models .
2. Immunomodulation and Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Since the late 1970s, VIP has been recognized for its inhibitory effect on the production and action of many different inflammatory mediators . It modulates immune cell function and has demonstrated therapeutic potential in animal models of various inflammatory diseases .
3. Smooth Muscle Relaxation and Vasodilation: As its name implies, VIP is a potent vasodilator and smooth muscle relaxant, contributing to its physiological roles in the cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems .
4. Tissue Regeneration and Stem Cell Enhancement: A groundbreaking April 2025 study revealed that VIP, when delivered via a novel nanoparticle system (VPZG), promotes macrophage polarization toward the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype while suppressing pro-inflammatory M1 polarization via downregulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway . VIP also enhanced the clonal formation, migration, and tenogenic differentiation of tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) .
5. Antiviral Activity: VIP has been reported to be involved in infections of SARS-CoV-2, HIV, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Zika virus, and cytomegalovirus . Its potent anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties facilitate its potential as an antiviral candidate .

🔬 Primary Research Focuses and Applications

The VIP Peptide is at the forefront of multiple cutting-edge research areas, validated by numerous peer-reviewed studies including very recent 2024-2025 publications:

• Neuroprotection and Neurodegenerative Disease Research (2024): VIP is extensively studied for its ability to protect neurons from degeneration. A 2024 study in the European Journal of Neuroscience demonstrated that both synthetic VIP and lentiviral VIP gene therapy vectors protect neuronal cells against toxin-induced degeneration by modulating microglial activity and reducing oxidative/inflammatory parameters . These findings support VIP's potential in gene therapy approaches for neurodegenerative diseases .

• Tendon Regeneration and Tissue Engineering (April 2025): A landmark April 2025 study in ACS Nano utilized VIP-loaded nanoparticles (VPZG) for tendon repair. The research showed that VIP promotes macrophage polarization to the M2 phenotype, reduces inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) via NF-κB pathway inhibition, and enhances tendon stem/progenitor cell function . In a rat patellar tendon injury model, VPZG significantly promoted tendon regeneration, improved collagen arrangement, and reduced inflammation, establishing VIP as a key modulator in tissue engineering .

• Inflammation and Immune Modulation Research: Since the 1970s, VIP has been recognized for its potent anti-inflammatory effects . It is used to study the regulation of immune cell function, cytokine production, and the therapeutic potential for inflammatory diseases in animal models . VIP and the related PACAP both attenuate LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6) in microglial cells .

• Antiviral and Infectious Disease Research: A 2022 PubMed review highlighted VIP as a potential target for antiviral therapy, with documented roles in SARS-CoV-2, HIV, RSV, and other viral infections . Its ability to modulate overactive inflammatory and immune responses makes it a promising candidate for research into viral complications .

• Smooth Muscle Physiology and Vasodilation Research: As a key regulator of smooth muscle tone and vascular function, VIP is used to study mechanisms of vasodilation, bronchodilation, and gastrointestinal motility .

🧪 Product Specifications & Technical Data

At Buy Peptides Online USA, we ensure your research is built on a foundation of quality and consistency. This peptide is manufactured to rigorous laboratory standards and verified through advanced analytical methods.

✅ Why Choose Buy Peptides Online USA for Your Research?

Sourcing reliable research compounds is critical for reproducible, high-impact science. Here is why discerning researchers across the USA trust us:

• Verified Purity & Potency: We provide access to Certificates of Analysis (COA) and rely on advanced analytical methods like High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Mass Spectrometry (MS) to confirm the identity and purity (≥98%) of every batch . This commitment ensures the integrity of your experimental data.
• Research-Focused Integrity: We strictly adhere to research-use-only (RUO) guidelines. Our product descriptions are factual, focusing on chemical properties and cited research applications, never unverified human-use claims. This product is not for diagnostic or therapeutic use .
• Fast & Discreet USA Shipping: As a USA-based supplier, we offer fast, reliable shipping across the United States with discreet packaging to ensure your order arrives safely, professionally, and on time for your critical research timelines. Enjoy free shipping on orders over $300.
• Expert Support & Authenticity Guarantee: Our team provides technical consultation to support your work. We stand behind the authenticity and quality of all our products, offering a product replacement service and clear complaint handling.

📝 Handling, Storage, & Important Safety Information

• Critical Storage Information: Upon receipt, store the lyophilized powder at -20°C (-4°F) or below, desiccated, protected from light and moisture. The lyophilized protein is stable for up to 1 year at -20°C .
• Handling Before Use: Before opening, centrifuge the vial at 10,000 rpm for 30 seconds to collect the lyophilized powder at the bottom, avoiding loss and waste .
• Reconstitution Guidelines: Reconstitute in sterile distilled water to a concentration of 0.1-1 mg/ml by gently pipetting 2-3 times. Do not vortex as rapid shaking can damage the peptide's spatial structure and reduce activity .
• Stability After Reconstitution: After reconstitution under sterile conditions, the protein solution is stable at 2-8°C for 2-7 days . For extended storage, aliquot and store at -20°C to -80°C for up to 3 months . Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles .
• Safety Considerations: VIP is a potent, bioactive peptide for research use only. Always wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including lab coats, safety glasses, and nitrile gloves. Work in a laminar flow hood or well-ventilated area.
• Warning: This product is not for human or veterinary use. It is not a drug, food, or cosmetic. Not for human consumption or diagnostic use . For laboratory research only.

❓ Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: What is the primary research focus for VIP?

A: VIP is extensively studied for its neuroprotective and immunomodulatory actions , its role in tissue regeneration and tendon repair (as demonstrated in an April 2025 ACS Nano study) , its antiviral potential , and its classical effects on smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation .

Q: What is the structure of VIP?

A: VIP is a 28-amino acid peptide with the sequence H-His-Ser-Asp-Ala-Val-Phe-Thr-Asp-Asn-Tyr-Thr-Arg-Leu-Arg-Lys-Gln-Met-Ala-Val-Lys-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asn-Ser-Ile-Leu-Asn-NH₂. Its molecular weight is approximately 3325.84 Da .

Q: What are the most recent research findings on VIP (2024-2025)?

A: Recent groundbreaking studies have demonstrated:

1. Tendon Regeneration (April 2025): VIP-loaded nanoparticles (VPZG) promote tendon repair by modulating macrophage polarization (M2) and enhancing stem cell function .
2. Neuroprotection (2024): VIP and LentiVIP protect neuronal cells against degeneration by modulating microglial activity and reducing oxidative/inflammatory parameters .
3. Microglial Modulation (2025): VIP attenuates LPS-induced microglial activation and promotes distinct phenotypic shifts .

Q: What is VIP's role in the immune system?

A: Since the late 1970s, VIP has been recognized for its potent anti-inflammatory effects, inhibiting the production and action of many inflammatory mediators . It modulates immune cell function and has therapeutic potential in animal models of inflammatory diseases .

Q: How does VIP protect neurons?

A: VIP protects neurons by modulating microglial activity—reducing the expression of activation markers (Iba1, iNOS) and pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6)—and by reducing oxidative stress . VIP-treated microglial conditioned media significantly improves neuronal cell survival .

Q: What is the significance of VIP in tissue engineering?

A: A 2025 study demonstrated that VIP promotes M2 macrophage polarization, downregulates NF-κB signaling, reduces inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α), and enhances tendon stem/progenitor cell migration and differentiation, leading to improved tendon regeneration .

Q: How do you verify the purity and identity of VIP?

A: We ensure every batch is rigorously analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to confirm a purity level of ≥98% and Mass Spectrometry (MS) to verify the precise molecular weight (~3325.84 Da) . Certificates of Analysis (COA) are available upon request.

Q: What are the critical storage conditions for VIP?

A: Store the lyophilized powder at -20°C (-4°F) or below, desiccated and protected from light and moisture; it is stable for up to 1 year . Once reconstituted, store at 2-8°C for 2-7 days or aliquot and freeze at -20°C to -80°C for up to 3 months . Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles .

Q: Is VIP prohibited in sports research?

A: Researchers should be aware that VIP, as a peptide hormone with potent biological activity, would be considered a prohibited substance under the general category of peptide hormones and growth factors on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List. It is intended for legitimate scientific research only.

Ready to Advance Your Research? 🚀

Equip your laboratory with a versatile and clinically significant 28-amino acid neuropeptide for studying neuroprotection, immunomodulation, tissue regeneration, and beyond—now informed by the latest 2024-2025 discoveries . Order the high-purity VIP Peptide (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) today from Buy Peptides Online USA. Benefit from our fast USA shipping, secure payments (including crypto), and the confidence that comes from rigorously tested, research-grade compounds. For any questions about this product or your order, our support team is here to provide technical consultation.