AHK-Cu (Copper Tripeptide)

🔬 Introduction: The Pre-Complexed Copper Peptide for Targeted Research

Welcome to advanced copper peptide research with premium AHK-Cu from Buy Peptides Online USA. This innovative pre-complexed copper tripeptide represents a significant refinement in the study of copper-mediated tissue regeneration, angiogenesis, and cellular repair processes. Unlike research with separate peptide and copper components, AHK-Cu offers scientists a stable, precisely formulated complex with optimized copper-peptide stoichiometry for consistent, reproducible experimental outcomes. 🧪

AHK-Cu (Ala-His-Lys copper complex) stands as an evolution in copper peptide research methodology. By providing the peptide already complexed with copper in the optimal 1:1 molar ratio, researchers eliminate formulation variables and ensure consistent copper delivery in every experiment. This pre-complexed format represents a research advantage, particularly for studies requiring precise copper dosing or investigating the specific effects of the copper-peptide complex versus its individual components.

The development of pre-complexed copper peptides like AHK-Cu addresses a fundamental challenge in trace element research: ensuring consistent, bioavailable copper delivery to experimental systems. Copper’s tendency to precipitate, bind nonspecifically, or undergo redox cycling can introduce variability in research outcomes. AHK-Cu’s stable complex formation circumvents these issues, offering researchers a reliable tool for studying copper’s biological roles in controlled conditions.

At our specialized research supply facility, we synthesize and complex this peptide with pharmaceutical-grade copper under controlled conditions, ensuring researchers receive a consistent, high-quality complex for their investigations. Each batch undergoes comprehensive third-party analytical verification of both peptide purity and copper content, produced under strict GMP guidelines, making AHK-Cu a reliable standardized tool for copper biology and regenerative research.

🌟 AHK-Cu’s Research Significance:

• Pre-Optimized Complex: Eliminates formulation variables in copper peptide research
• Stable Copper Delivery: Prevents copper precipitation and redox issues
• Standardized Stoichiometry: Consistent 1:1 peptide:copper molar ratio
• Enhanced Bioavailability: Copper presented in biologically accessible form
• Research Reproducibility: Reduces variability in copper-dependent experiments

⚗️ What Is AHK-Cu? Understanding the Copper Complex

AHK-Cu is a pre-formed, stable complex of the tripeptide Alanine-Histidine-Lysine (Ala-His-Lys) with a copper ion (Cu²⁺) in optimal 1:1 stoichiometry. This pre-complexed format represents a research-grade preparation where the copper is already coordinated to the peptide’s histidine residue, creating a stable complex that behaves as a single molecular entity in biological systems. The “Cu” suffix specifically indicates the pre-complexed copper form, distinguishing it from the peptide alone or research requiring separate copper addition. 🔗

Chemical Composition & Complex Formation:

• Peptide Component: Ala-His-Lys tripeptide (AHK)
• Metal Component: Copper(II) ion (Cu²⁺)
• Coordination Chemistry: Copper coordinated primarily through histidine imidazole nitrogen
• Stoichiometry: 1:1 peptide:copper molar ratio
• Complex Stability: Stable under physiological pH and temperature ranges

Advantages of Pre-Complexed Format:

• Consistency: Every molecule contains the peptide-copper complex
• Reproducibility: Eliminates mixing variables in experimental preparations
• Stability: Copper protected from precipitation and unwanted interactions
• Bioavailability: Copper presented in immediately bioavailable form
• Research Control: Simplifies experimental design for copper-dependent studies

Comparison with Separate Component Research:
Table: AHK-Cu vs. Separate AHK + Copper Research
| Research Aspect | AHK-Cu (Pre-Complexed) | AHK + Copper (Separate) |
|———————|—————————-|—————————–|
| Formulation Consistency | High (single complex) | Variable (mixing dependent) |
| Copper Availability | Immediately bioavailable | Depends on mixing efficiency |
| Experimental Variables | Fewer (one component) | More (two components + mixing) |
| Copper Precipitation Risk | Low (protected in complex) | Higher (free copper ions) |
| Research Applications | Complex effects, bioavailability | Component interactions, ratio optimization |

Primary Research Applications:

Angiogenesis & Vascular Biology Research ❤️
AHK-Cu is extensively studied for:

• Endothelial Cell Studies: Proliferation, migration, and tube formation assays
• Vascular Network Development: Capillary formation and maturation
• Ischemic Tissue Models: Therapeutic angiogenesis in low-oxygen conditions
• VEGF Pathway Research: Copper’s role in growth factor signaling and expression

Wound Healing & Tissue Regeneration 🩹
Critical applications in repair biology:

• Wound Closure Models: Excisional, incisional, and diabetic wound healing
• Granulation Tissue Formation: Development of new connective tissue
• Re-epithelialization: Skin cell migration and proliferation over wounds
• Scar Modulation Research: Effects on collagen organization and scar formation

Hair Biology & Follicle Research 💇
Copper’s role in hair growth:

• Hair Cycle Modulation: Anagen phase induction and maintenance
• Follicle Stem Cell Activation: Effects on bulge and dermal papilla cells
• Hair Shaft Production: Keratinocyte differentiation and shaft elongation
• Comparative Hair Studies: Versus other growth factors and peptides

Skin Repair & Anti-Aging Research 👵→👩
Dermatological applications:

• Photoaging Models: UV-damaged skin repair and protection
• Collagen Metabolism: Effects on synthesis, cross-linking, and degradation
• Extracellular Matrix Remodeling: Balance of synthesis and breakdown
• Skin Barrier Function: Repair and enhancement of protective barrier

Copper Biology & Trace Element Research 🔬
Fundamental metal biology:

• Copper Transport Studies: Cellular uptake and intracellular distribution
• Enzyme Cofactor Research: Copper-dependent enzyme activation
• Redox Biology: Copper’s role in cellular oxidation-reduction balance
• Metal-Protein Interactions: Specificity of metal binding to biological molecules

🧪 Chemical Specifications & Technical Data

📊 Complete Technical Specifications Table
| Specification | Detail | Research Significance |
|——————-|————|—————————|
| Peptide Sequence | Ala-His-Lys (AHK) | Biological activity determinant |
| Complex Form | AHK-Cu (1:1 peptide:copper complex) | Pre-formed, stable complex |
| Molecular Formula | C₁₄H₂₆CuN₆O₄ | Precise atomic composition |
| Molecular Weight | 404.94 g/mol (complex) | Essential for molar calculations |
| Copper Content | 15.69% by weight (theoretical) | Critical for copper-dependent research |
| CAS Number | 130120-57-9 (similar to GHK-Cu) | Unique chemical registry identifier |
| Appearance | Blue to blue-green powder | Visual indicator of copper complex |
| Purity | ≥98% (HPLC verified) | Ensures research consistency |
| Copper Verification | ICP-MS confirmation of copper content | Validates complex formation |
| Solubility | Soluble in water, aqueous buffers | Important for research preparations |
| Storage Conditions | -20°C protected from light | Maintains complex stability |
| Shelf Life | 24 months at -20°C unopened | Research planning consideration |
| Quality Verification | HPLC, MS, ICP-MS, amino acid analysis | Comprehensive quality assurance |
| Manufacturing Standard | GMP compliance for peptide-metal complexes | Guarantees production quality |

🔍 Structural Characteristics of the Copper Complex:

Coordination Chemistry Details 🔗
The copper ion is coordinated through:

• Primary Site: Histidine imidazole nitrogen (strong coordination)
• Secondary Interactions: Possibly peptide backbone carbonyl groups
• Coordination Geometry: Likely square planar or distorted tetrahedral
• Coordination Number: Typically 4 (common for copper-peptide complexes)

Blue Color Significance 🔵

The characteristic color provides important research information:

• Oxidation State Indicator: Blue confirms Cu²⁺ (not Cu⁺)
• Complex Stability: Color consistency indicates stable complex formation
• Quality Indicator: Proper blue color suggests correct complex formation
• Research Utility: Visual monitoring of complex integrity

Stability Profile 🛡️

• pH Stability: Stable at physiological pH (6.5-7.5)
• Temperature Stability: Stable at research incubation temperatures
• Redox Stability: Copper protected from reduction in complex
• Compatibility: Generally compatible with biological buffers

Comparative Analysis with Related Copper Complexes:

Table: AHK-Cu vs. Other Copper Peptides
| Characteristic | AHK-Cu | GHK-Cu | Copper Salts |
|——————–|————|————|——————|
| Peptide Sequence | Ala-His-Lys | Gly-His-Lys | No peptide |
| Copper Content | ~15.7% | ~15.7% | Variable |
| Complex Stability | High | High | Low (ionic) |
| Biological Specificity | Angiogenesis focus | Multiple repair effects | Nonspecific |
| Research Applications | Vascular, hair studies | General tissue repair | Basic copper effects |

Physicochemical Properties:

• Charge Characteristics: Overall positive charge (lysine + copper)
• Hydrophilicity: Highly hydrophilic, excellent aqueous solubility
• Partition Coefficient: Balanced for membrane interaction
• Stability Constants: High stability constant for copper binding
• Research Relevance: These properties affect experimental outcomes

⚙️ Mechanism of Action Research

Primary Research Mechanisms:

1. Copper Delivery & Bioavailability Enhancement 🎯

AHK-Cu’s fundamental mechanism involves targeted copper delivery:

• Stabilized Transport: Copper protected during delivery to target sites
• Cellular Uptake: Enhanced uptake compared to free copper ions
• Intracellular Distribution: Specific delivery to copper-requiring sites
• Reduced Toxicity: Lower free copper concentrations reduce oxidative stress

Copper Delivery Details:

• CTR1 Transport: Possible involvement of copper transporter 1
• Endocytic Pathways: Potential peptide-mediated endocytosis
• Tissue Specificity: Possible preferential delivery to repair sites
• Research Applications: Model for targeted trace element delivery

2. Angiogenesis Stimulation ❤️

Primary vascular effects:

• Endothelial Proliferation: Copper-dependent stimulation of cell division
• Migration Enhancement: Chemotactic effects on endothelial cells
• Tube Formation Support: Structural support for capillary development
• VEGF Upregulation: Copper-mediated increase in vascular endothelial growth factor

Angiogenic Pathway Details:

• HIF-1α Stabilization: Copper’s role in hypoxia-inducible factor stability
• MMP Activation: Matrix metalloproteinase activation for tissue remodeling
• Integrin Expression: Effects on cell adhesion molecule expression
• Research Models: Matrigel, chorioallantoic membrane, corneal assays

3. Extracellular Matrix Modulation 🏗️

Effects on tissue structure:

• Lysyl Oxidase Activation: Copper-dependent enzyme for collagen cross-linking
• Collagen Synthesis: Stimulation of collagen production
• Elastin Organization: Effects on elastic fiber formation
• Glycosaminoglycan Effects: Potential influences on ground substance

4. Growth Factor Interactions 📈

Synergistic effects with signaling molecules:

• FGF Potentiation: Enhancement of fibroblast growth factor effects
• TGF-β Modulation: Interactions with transforming growth factor
• EGF Effects: Possible epidermal growth factor interactions
• Cross-Talk Research: Studying interconnected growth factor pathways

Time Course of Effects:

Table: Research Timeframes for AHK-Cu Effects
| Experimental Timeframe | Primary Observable Effects | Recommended Assays |
|—————————-|——————————–|————————|
| Minutes to Hours | Cellular uptake, early signaling | Uptake studies, phosphorylation assays |
| Hours to Days | Gene expression, protein synthesis | PCR, Western blot, protein assays |
| Days | Cellular responses, migration, proliferation | Cell counting, migration assays |
| Days to Weeks | Tissue changes, angiogenesis, wound closure | Histology, vessel counting, wound measurement |
| Weeks | Structural changes, hair growth, scar formation | Photography, biomechanics, hair counts |

Copper-Dependent vs. Peptide-Dependent Effects:

• Complex-Specific Effects: Unique to the copper-peptide complex
• Copper-Mediated Effects: Require copper release from complex
• Peptide-Mediated Effects: Independent of copper
• Synergistic Effects: Greater than sum of individual components
• Research Approach: Requires component controls for mechanism studies

Dose-Response Considerations:

• Copper Concentration Range: Typically 1-100 μM copper equivalent
• Peptide Concentration: Corresponding peptide concentrations
• Optimal Ratios: 1:1 typically optimal, other ratios for comparison
• Tissue-Specific Responses: Different optimal concentrations for different tissues
• Research Design: Should include full dose-response curves

🔬 Research Applications & Protocols

Primary Research Models & Systems:

In Vitro Cellular Models 🧫

• Endothelial Cell Cultures: HUVEC, HMVEC, other endothelial lines
• Fibroblast Systems: Dermal, corneal, other tissue fibroblasts
• Keratinocyte Cultures: Epidermal and follicular keratinocytes
• Co-culture Systems: Endothelial-fibroblast, epithelial-mesenchymal

Ex Vivo Tissue Models 🔬

• Skin Explant Cultures: Human or animal skin tissue maintenance
• Hair Follicle Organ Culture: Isolated follicle growth and cycling
• Aortic Ring Assays: Vascular tissue angiogenesis models
• Wound Healing Models: Tissue punch or scratch models

In Vivo Animal Models 🐭

• Wound Healing Models: Excisional, incisional, burn, diabetic wounds
• Angiogenesis Models: Matrigel plug, corneal pocket, ischemic limb
• Hair Growth Models: Depilation-induced, genetic, aging-related hair loss
• Skin Aging Models: Photoaging, chronological aging, steroid atrophy

Endpoint Selection Guidelines:

Molecular & Biochemical Endpoints 🧪

• Gene Expression Analysis: qPCR for angiogenesis, repair, copper-related genes
• Protein Quantification: ELISA/Western for growth factors, matrix proteins
• Enzyme Activity Assays: Lysyl oxidase, superoxide dismutase, other copper enzymes
• Copper Measurement: AAS, ICP-MS for tissue copper content

Cellular & Tissue Endpoints 🔬

• Proliferation Assays: MTT, BrdU, cell counting methods
• Migration & Invasion: Scratch, transwell, spheroid assays
• Tube Formation: Endothelial network formation quantification
• Histological Analysis: H&E, trichrome, immunohistochemistry

Functional & Structural Endpoints 📏

• Wound Closure Rates: Planimetric measurement of wound area
• Angiogenesis Quantification: Vessel density, branching, perfusion
• Hair Growth Metrics: Hair count, length, cycle stage analysis
• Biomechanical Properties: Tensile strength, elasticity measurements

Protocol Optimization Recommendations:

Formulation & Delivery Considerations 💧

• Aqueous Solutions: Preferred for solubility and stability
• Buffer Compatibility: PBS, HEPES generally compatible
• pH Optimization: Maintain physiological pH (7.0-7.4)
• Sterilization Methods: Filtration preferred over autoclaving

Control Strategy Development 🎯

• Complex Controls: AHK-Cu at multiple concentrations
• Component Controls: AHK alone, copper alone, physical mixture
• Positive Controls: Known angiogenic or healing agents
• Vehicle Controls: Buffer or formulation without active
• Chelator Controls: EDTA to confirm copper dependence

Dosing & Administration Protocols ⏰

• Concentration Ranges: 1-100 μM typical for in vitro, 0.1-1% for topical
• Application Frequency: Once or twice daily for in vivo studies
• Duration Planning: Acute (single dose) to chronic (weeks-months)
• Route Optimization: Topical, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal based on model

Quality Control in Experiments ✅

• Complex Verification: Visual color check, spectroscopy if available
• Solution Stability: Monitor for precipitation or color change
• Copper Measurement: Confirm concentrations in working solutions
• Bioactivity Verification: Positive control systems for complex activity

💎 Why Choose AHK-Cu & Why Choose Us?

Research Advantages of AHK-Cu:

Pre-Complexed Format Benefits 🔗

• Experimental Consistency: Eliminates mixing variables
• Time Efficiency: Ready-to-use complex saves preparation time
• Reduced Error: Minimizes formulation errors in copper addition
• Standardized Research: Enables direct study comparisons across labs

Enhanced Copper Bioavailability 🔬

• Optimal Delivery: Copper presented in biologically accessible form
• Reduced Toxicity: Lower free copper minimizes oxidative stress
• Targeted Effects: Peptide may direct copper to specific sites
• Research Precision: More predictable copper availability in systems

Dual-Component Research Tool ⚡

• Complex Effects: Study of copper-peptide synergies
• Component Comparisons: Versus individual components
• Mechanistic Studies: Distinguish copper vs. peptide effects
• Formulation Research: Model for metal-peptide delivery systems

Buy Peptides Online USA Advantages:

Dual-Analyte Quality Assurance 🌟

• Peptide Purity: ≥98% peptide purity by HPLC
• Copper Verification: ICP-MS confirmation of copper content and stoichiometry
• Complex Validation: Spectroscopy confirming proper complex formation
• Batch Consistency: Rigorous controls ensuring identical complex quality
• Complete Documentation: COA with both peptide and copper analytics

Copper-Peptide Specialization 🔬

• Complexation Expertise: Experience with peptide-metal complexes
• Stability Knowledge: Optimal storage and handling guidance
• Research Applications: Protocol advice for copper peptide studies
• Quality Standards: Pharmaceutical-grade complex production

Research-Focused Support 💡

• Protocol Consultation: Experimental design for copper peptide research
• Literature Access: Current research on copper peptide mechanisms
• Technical Guidance: Handling and formulation recommendations
• Application Advice: Model system selection for specific research questions

Service Excellence ⚡

• Fast Processing: Most orders ship within 1-2 business days
• Temperature-Controlled Shipping: Cold packs for complex stability
• International Shipping: Available to research facilities worldwide
• Responsive Support: Knowledgeable assistance for research inquiries

📦 Product Specifications & Ordering

AHK-Cu Copper Tripeptide – Complete Details:

• Product Form: Blue to blue-green lyophilized powder
• Peptide Purity: ≥98% by HPLC analysis
• Copper Content: 15-16% by weight (verified by ICP-MS)
• Quantity Options: 50mg, 100mg, 250mg, 500mg vials
• Appearance: Characteristic blue color indicates copper complex
• Packaging: Amber glass vial with desiccant, protective packaging
• Labeling: Clear batch identification with storage instructions

Streamlined Ordering Process: 🛒

1. Product Selection: Choose desired quantity of AHK-Cu
2. Documentation Review: Access current batch COA before purchase
3. Secure Checkout: Complete purchase through encrypted payment system
4. Order Confirmation: Immediate email confirmation with timeline
5. Shipping Notification: Tracking information when order ships
6. Receipt & Verification: Check blue color and store at -20°C
7. Research Implementation: Proceed with approved protocols

Available Payment Methods:

• Credit/Debit Cards: Secure processing with encrypted protection
• Cryptocurrency: Bitcoin, Ethereum, USDT options available
• Bank Transfers: Accommodated for institutional purchases
• Purchase Orders: Accepted from verified research institutions

Shipping & Delivery Information:

• USA Orders: Typically delivered within 2-5 business days
• International Shipping: Available with compliance documentation
• Free Shipping: Domestic orders over $300 ship free
• Temperature Control: Cold packs for complex stability during transit
• Discreet Packaging: No external indication of contents
• Tracking Provided: All shipments include tracking information

Customer Support Services: 🤝

• Pre-Purchase Consultation: Available for research design questions
• Technical Specifications: Detailed complex information
• Documentation Requests: Additional certificates or analytical data
• Issue Resolution: Responsive handling of any order concerns
• Research Guidance: Protocol suggestions for copper peptide studies

❓ Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1: What does the blue color of AHK-Cu indicate?

A: The blue color confirms the copper is in the Cu²⁺ oxidation state and properly complexed with the peptide. This color serves as a visual quality indicator—proper blue color suggests correct complex formation, while color changes may indicate degradation or improper complexation.

Q2: How is AHK-Cu different from mixing AHK peptide with copper separately?

A: AHK-Cu is a pre-formed, stable complex with optimal 1:1 stoichiometry. This ensures every molecule contains both components in the correct ratio, eliminates mixing variables, provides immediate bioavailability, and offers more consistent research results compared to separate mixing.

Q3: What concentration of AHK-Cu is typically used in research?

A: For cell culture studies, 1-50 μM (based on copper content) is typical. For topical applications in animal studies, 0.1-0.5% solutions are common. Optimal concentrations depend on your specific model and endpoints—we recommend starting with literature-established ranges for your model type.

Q4: How should AHK-Cu be stored for research use?

A: Store unopened vials at -20°C protected from light. The complex is stable for 24 months under these conditions. Once reconstituted, use immediately or aliquot and freeze at -20°C. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles and protect from light during use.

Q5: Can AHK-Cu be used in combination with other growth factors?

A: Yes, AHK-Cu is often studied in combination with growth factors (VEGF, FGF, EGF) to investigate synergistic effects. Such combinations allow research into multi-component approaches to tissue repair and angiogenesis. Always test compatibility in your specific systems.

Q6: What research models are most appropriate for AHK-Cu studies?

A: AHK-Cu is suitable for endothelial cell angiogenesis assays, fibroblast and keratinocyte cultures, wound healing models (in vitro scratch, ex vivo explant, in vivo wounds), hair follicle organ culture, and animal models of angiogenesis or hair growth.

Q7: How long does it take to see effects in research models?

A: Cellular responses (gene expression, signaling) occur within hours. Angiogenic effects in vitro show within days. Wound healing and hair growth effects in animal models typically require 1-3 weeks. Timeframes vary by model, endpoints, and administration method.

Q8: Is the copper in AHK-Cu bioavailable in research systems?

A: Yes, the copper in AHK-Cu is in a bioavailable form. The complex is designed to release copper in a controlled manner at target sites, making it more biologically available than free copper ions while protecting it from precipitation and unwanted interactions.

Q9: What analytical methods confirm AHK-Cu quality?

A: We use HPLC for peptide purity (≥98%), Mass Spectrometry for molecular weight confirmation (404.94 Da), ICP-MS for copper content and stoichiometry, amino acid analysis for sequence verification, and spectroscopy for complex formation confirmation.

Q10: Is international shipping available for AHK-Cu?

A: Yes, we ship to research facilities worldwide where importation of research peptides is permitted. Researchers are responsible for ensuring compliance with their country’s import regulations for research materials containing copper complexes.

🔬 Conclusion: Advancing Copper Peptide Research

AHK-Cu represents a sophisticated evolution in copper peptide research methodology through its pre-complexed, standardized format. By providing a stable, precisely formulated copper-peptide complex, AHK-Cu offers researchers enhanced experimental consistency, reduced formulation variables, and more reliable investigation of copper-mediated biological processes. 🔗

This pre-complexed format is particularly valuable for researchers studying copper biology in tissue repair, angiogenesis mechanisms, hair follicle activation, and targeted trace element delivery. Its standardized 1:1 stoichiometry, verified copper content, and stable complex formation make it an excellent tool for both basic copper biology research and applied regenerative studies.

Our high-quality AHK-Cu is manufactured with dual-analyte quality control, ensuring researchers receive a consistent, reliable complex for their investigations. With comprehensive verification of both peptide purity and copper content, plus GMP-compliant production, our product supports reproducible research into copper’s essential roles in biological systems.

Key Research Applications:

• Copper Delivery Systems: Targeted trace element delivery research
• Angiogenesis Mechanisms: Copper’s role in blood vessel formation
• Wound Healing Biology: Copper-dependent repair processes
• Hair Growth Research: Follicle activation and cycling studies
• Complex Biology: Metal-peptide interactions and effects

Ready to explore advanced copper peptide research? Choose AHK-Cu for your studies of copper-mediated processes, angiogenesis, tissue repair, and targeted delivery. Place your order today and advance your research with this standardized copper peptide complex.